高考英语语法之过去分词的句法功能精讲精练
过去分词在高中英语中非常重要，是高中学生必须掌握并熟练运用的语法知识，对于理解长难句和做好语法填空尤为关键。
1．意义：及物动词的过去分词作定语往往表示被动和完成；不及物动词的过去分词作定语不表示被动，只表示完成。
(1)表示被动和完成
a polluted river 一条被污染的河流
the watered flowers 浇过水的花
(2)只表示完成，不表示被动
fallen leaves 落叶
the risen sun 升起的太阳
2．位置：单个的过去分词作定语时，通常放在被修饰词的前面；过去分词短语作定语时，通常放在被修饰词的后面，其作用相当于一个定语从句。
The student dressed in white is my daughter.
→The student who is dressed in white is my daughter. 穿白色衣服的那个学生是我女儿。
[名师点津] 过去分词作定语和现在分词作定语的区别：
(1)语态不同：现在分词表示主动；过去分词表示被动。
The question discussed was very important.
The house standing at the corner of the street was built in 2016.（矗立在街道角落的那所房子是2016年建的）
(2)时间关系上不同：现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词表示动作已经完成。
3．过去分词(done)、现在分词的被动语态(being done)与动词不定式的被动语态(to be done)作定语的区别
The building built last year is our classroom building.
The building being built now is our classroom building.
The building to be built next month is our classroom building.
1．意义：用在系动词后面，构成系表结构，表示主语所处的状态。
She looked disappointed. 她看上去很失望。
We were encouraged at the news. 听到这个消息我们很受鼓舞。
2．过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别
过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态。这一结构从形式上与被动语态相同，但被动语态强调主语所承受的动作。试比较：
The book is well written. 这本书写得好。
The book was written by a soldier. 这本书是由一位士兵写的。
3．感觉类及物动词的现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别
英语中有很多与感觉有关的及物动词，其现在分词表示主动意义，即“令人有某种感觉的”，多用来修饰物；其过去分词含有被动意义，即“人被引起某种感觉的”，多用来指人、人的声音、笑容或表情等。常用的这类词有：
We were surprised at what he said at the meeting. 我们对他在会上讲的话很是惊讶。
[名师点津] 有的过去分词作表语，相当于形容词，且大部分已转化为形容词，常见的有：delighted，disappointed，drunk，amused，astonished，hurt，interested，crowded，tired，satisfied，pleased，worried，excited，married，puzzled，upset等。
◎巧学活用2——判断下列句子中黑体部分属于哪种结构
A．系表结构 B．被动语态
①We are interested in collecting stamps，raising birds and fishing.A
②More than 200 people were trapped in the building by the big fire.B
③I am a bit puzzled that I haven’t heard from Tom for so long.A
④We were greatly moved by what Zhang Lili had done.B
1．意义：过去分词作宾语补足语，说明宾语的状态或性质，与宾语一起构成复合宾语，它前面的宾语就是其逻辑主语。作宾语补足语的多是及物动词。
(1)过去分词作宾语补足语表示被动关系，其动作先于谓语动词所表示的动作。
(2)过去分词作宾语补足语时，过去分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系。
2．能够接过去分词作宾语补足语的动词有以下三类：
(1)make，get，have，keep等使役动词。
(2)see，hear，feel，find等表示感觉和心理状态的动词。
(3)like，want，wish，order等表示希望、要求、命令等意义的动词。
When will you go to the hospital and have your tooth examined?
你什么时候去医院检查你的牙齿？
She saw the thief caught by the policemen.
她看见小偷被警察抓住了。
3．“with/without＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构
With his homework done，he started to watch TV.
作业完成后，他开始看电视。
1．意义：过去分词作状语，修饰谓语动词，进一步说明谓语动词的动作和状态，其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语，且主语是过去分词动作的承受者。过去分词作状语时，可单独使用。
Greatly interested，I asked how he played these new works.
因为非常感兴趣，我问他是如何演奏这些新作的。
Given good health，I hope to finish the work this year.
如果身体好，我希望今年完成这项工作。
The scientist，Tu Youyou，came in，followed by her assistant.
科学家屠呦呦进来了，后面跟着她的助手。
When seen from the top of the hill，the park looks more beautiful.
从山顶往下看时，这座公园看起来更加漂亮。
2．功能：过去分词作状语，在意义上相当于一个状语从句。它可以表示时间、原因、条件、让步、方式或伴随等。
(1)表示时间，可转换为when，while或after等引导的时间状语从句。
Accepted by the Party，he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.
→When he was accepted by the Party，he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.
入党以后，他决定献身于党的事业。
(2)表示原因，可转换为as，since或because等引导的原因状语从句。
Deeply moved by the story，the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.
→Because they were deeply moved by the story，the excited people stopped quarrelling with each other.
激动的人们被那个故事深深地打动了，停止了争吵。
(3)表示条件，可转换为if，once或unless等引导的条件状语从句。
If heated，water can be turned into vapour.
→If it is heated，water can be turned into vapour. 水如果被加热，会变成水蒸汽。
(4)表示让步，可转换为although，though或even if等引导的让步状语从句。
Exhausted by the running，they went on running after the robber.
→Although they were exhausted by the running，they went on running after the robber.
尽管已经跑得筋疲力尽，他们还是继续追赶那个抢匪。
(5)表示方式或伴随情况。作方式状语时，如有连词as if，可转换为as if引导的方式状语从句；若无连词，则转换为并列结构。作伴随状语时，一般转换为并列结构。
The old man went into the room，supported by his wife.
→The old man was supported by his wife and went into the room. 那个老人在妻子的搀扶下走进了房间。
3．连词＋过去分词：过去分词作时间、条件或让步状语时，为了明确其意义有时可在过去分词前加上when，while，if，once，unless，although等连词。相当于状语从句的省略。
If merely drawn on your imagination，the report will not be convincing.
假若仅靠你的想象去写，报告是不会有说服力的。
[名师点津] 有些过去分词因为来源于系表结构，作状语时不表示被动而表示状态。这样的过去分词及短语常见的有：lost (迷路)；seated (坐)；hidden (躲)；lost/absorbed in (沉溺于)；born (出生)；dressed in (穿着)；tired of (厌烦)。
Lost/Absorbed in deep thought，he didn’t hear the sound. 因为沉溺于思考之中，所以他没听到那个声音。
Born in this beautiful town，he hates to leave it. 出生在这个美丽的小镇，他不愿离开它。
◎巧学活用4——同义句转换
①Seen from the top of the hill，the city looks like a big garden.
→When it is seen from the top of the hill，the city looks like a big garden.
②Given another chance，he will do better.
→If he is given another chance，he will do better.
③Laughed at by many people，he continued his study.
高中英语语法之动词不定式作表语
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