初中英语语法总结,复习必看!
一、初中英语语法总结之八种时态
1.一般现在时表示平时经常的、习惯性的动作,描述平时所处的状态,表达平时存在的特征、有规律的状态等。Eg. I drink water every day. 我每天都喝水。(习惯性动作)Eg. She has a beautiful sister. 她有一个漂亮的姐姐。(平时的特征)Eg. The moon goes around the earth. 月亮绕着地球转。(规律的状态)2.现在进行时表示正在发生的动作。经常用到的结构有be doing sth. 常和now, look, listen这些词连用。Eg. She is dancing. 她正在跳舞。3.一般过去时由谓语动词的过去式表示,也就是说动词词末要加-ed(除不规则动词外)。常和一般过去时连用的过去时间状语有:last night (week ,month , year , century , etc.) , yesterday ,yesterday morning (afternoon , evening) , in 1999 , two hours ago等等。4.一般将来时顾名思义,表示将来要发生的动作或计划。结构有主语+will+动词原形和主语+be going to do。Eg. I will go to the zoo in this weekend. 这个周末我将要去动物园。Eg. Lisa is going to have dinner. 莉莎马上要吃晚饭了。5.现在完成时表示过去已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果。Eg. I have watched that movie. 我已经看过那部电影了。6.过去进行时表示过去某个时刻或时间段正在进行的事情或动作。结构是was/were+现在分词。Eg. What was he doing at home last night? 昨天晚上他在家干什么?
7.过去将来时表示过去的某时以后将要发生的动作。Eg. He didn't expect that we would all be there. 他没料到我们会全在那儿。8.过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,也就是“过去的过去”。主要结构是助动词 had +过去分词,had 通用于各种人称。Eg. She had finished writing the report by 9:00 this morning. 今天早晨9点之前,她已经写完了报告。
二.介词分类:
1 简单介词about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on
2 合成介词inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without
3 短语介词according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to
4 双重介词from among, from behind, from under, till after, in between
5 分词转化成的介词considering(就而论), including
6 形容词转化成的介词like, unlike, near, next, opposite
三.动词的时态:
1. 动词的时态一共有16种,以ask为例,将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下:
现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时
一般 ask / asks asked shall/will ask should/would ask
进行 am/is/are asking was/were asking shall/will be asking should/would be asking
完成 have/has asked had asked shall/will have asked should/would have asked
完成进行 have/has been asking had been asking shall/will have been asking should/would have been asking
2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:
1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况,但和现在有联系,强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果,它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之,利用过去,说明现在。如:
I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过,且了解这本书的内容)
2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态,和现在无关,它可和表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“过”,“了”等词。简言之,仅谈过去,不关现在。如:
I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了,不涉及现在是否记住)
I lived in Beijing for ten years.(只说明在北京住过十年,与现在无关)
3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别:
两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”,在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时,多用现在完成时,如着重表示动作一直在进行,即动作的延续性时,则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。
I have read that book.我读过那本书了。
I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在读那本书。
4. 一般将来时的表达方式:
将来时 用法 例句
1 will/shall+动词原形 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态 My sister will be ten next year.
2 be going to+动词原形 含有“打算,计划,即将”做某事,或表示很有可能要发生某事 It’s going to clear up.We’re going to have a party tonight.
3 be + doing 进行时表示将来 go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作 He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe?
4 be about to + 动词原形 表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作,后面一般不跟时间状语 I was about to leave when the bell rang.The meeting is about to close.
5 be to + 动词原形 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见 We’re to meet at the school gate at noon.
6 一般现在时表示将来 时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情,可用一般现在时表示将来 The meeting starts at five o’clock.The plane leaves at ten this evening
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