引擎·前沿 ｜《新媒体与社会》2021年12月刊文
本期前沿编译内容为New Media & Society（《新媒体与社会》）2021年12月刊中精选的8篇论文。
New Media & Society（《新媒体与社会》）是Sage出版公司旗下学术期刊，现任主编为美国伊利诺伊大学芝加哥分校的Steve Jones。期刊为月刊，为研究媒体和信息变化的社会动态提供了一个跨学科的论坛。该期刊主要关注的领域为：利用广泛的学科观点以及理论与实证研究，对由新媒体发展的规模和速度引起的关键问题进行的批判性讨论。
影响因子：8.061（2020）
JCR传播学领域期刊排名：2/94（2020）
Ⅰ
期刊目录
1
What do others’ reactions to body posting on Instagram tell us? The effects of social media comments on viewers’ body image perception
他者对于Instagram上秀身材帖子的反应可以告诉我们什么？社交媒体评论对浏览者身材形象感知的影响2
Access shrugged: The decline of the copyleft and the rise of utilitarian openness
访问资源耸耸肩：公共版权的衰退与功利主义开放的兴起
3
Terms of inclusion: Data, discourse, violence
包容性的相关概念：数据、话语与暴力
4
Trans-mediated parasocial relationships: Private Facebook groups foster influencer–follower connection
跨中介的准社会关系：个人脸书群组促进影响者与追随者的联系
5
When news media and social media meet: How Facebook users reacted to news stories about a supermarket plastic bag ban
当新闻媒体与社交媒体相遇：Facebook用户对超市塑料袋禁令新闻的反应
6
Is music streaming bad for musicians? Problems of evidence and argument
流媒体音乐对音乐家有害吗？证据和争论的问题
7
Speaking up or staying silent? Examining the influences of censorship and behavioral contagion on opinion (non-) expression in China
直言不讳还是缄口不言？考察审查制度和行为传染对中国意见(非)表达的影响
8
From archive cultures to ephemeral content, and back: Studying Instagram Stories with digital methods
从档案文化到短暂性内容，以及复归：用数字方法研究Instagram故事
Ⅱ
精编译文
// 01
他者对于Instagram上秀身材帖子的反应可以告诉我们什么？社交媒体评论对浏览者身材形象感知的影响
【题目】
What do others’ reactions to body posting on Instagram tell us? The effects of social media comments on viewers’ body image perception
【作者】
Hye Min Kim, USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism
【链接】
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1461444820956368
【摘要】
过往研究普遍会强调社交媒体上的评论对用户感知结果的影响，但这一理论在身材形象（感知）的语境中是否成立，很大程度上仍未可知。本实验研究调查了社交媒体评论对用户理想身材感知的影响，并考察了这些评论会如何影响用户自我身材满意度。结果表明，评论会引导浏览帖子的用户（形成）对“理想”身材的认知。在秀身材的帖子下方发表好评的观众会展现出对身材形象感知的理想化*（即“理想-增强效果”(ideal-enhancing effects)）；反之，发表相对负面评论的浏览者则呈现出较低水平的理想化感知（即“理想减损效果”(ideal-derogating effects)）。此外，评论经由理想化效应（的生发）对个体身材满意度产生的间接影响，也会受到个人理想身材与其实际身材之间的个体差异的调节。本研究揭示了社交媒体用户发表的针对“完美身材”的评论具有的潜在性激励或“防御性”作用。我们呼吁，人们需要重新思考有关身材形象的媒体效果理论。
*理想化的感知 (idealization)：在理想化过程中，当事人往往对某些人或某些事与物作了过高的评价，对它们进行一些趋向完美的构造。这种高估的态度，很容易将事实的真相扭曲和美化，以致脱离了现实。
Studies have highlighted the influence of social media comments on users’ perceptual consequences, but whether this holds true in the body image context is still largely unknown. This experimental study investigated the effects of social media comments on ideal body perception and how it influences one’s own body satisfaction. Results showed that comments guided the viewers’ perceptions of what is considered as “ideal” body. Viewers of favorable comments to body posting reported greater idealization of the body imagery (i.e. ideal-enhancing effects), whereas viewers of unfavorable comments showed a lower level of idealization (i.e. ideal-derogating effects). Also, the indirect effects of comments on body satisfaction via idealization were moderated by individual self-discrepancy between personal ideal and own body. This study sheds light on potentially inspiring or protective role of comments against perfect-looking bodies on social media while calling attention to the need for reconsidering the media effects theory for body image.
//02
访问资源耸耸肩：公共版权的衰退与功利主义开放的兴起
【题目】
Access shrugged: The decline of the copyleft and the rise of utilitarian openness
【作者】
Aram Sinnreich, Rutgers University, USA
Patricia Aufderheide, School of Communications at the American University
Maggie Clifford, American University
【链接】
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1461444820957304
【摘要】
本文描绘了美国社会语境下，公众对与版权以及在线文化相关的关键术语的兴趣点（变化）模式。通过对谷歌趋势*数据的探索性因子分析*，作者研究了2004年至2019年之间关键词搜索的模式。数据揭示了公众在三段时期内的不同兴趣点。第一阶段由乌托邦式的、原因驱动的搜索词构成；第二阶段是由好奇心驱动、创造者推动为特征的搜索模式，经历了短暂崛起后最终衰落；第三阶段的搜索则以不断上升的功利主义和机构性的兴趣 *为特征，聚焦于寻找可获取的受版权保护的材料。这些数据从经验上表明，在研究聚焦的这段时间内，公众对严格版权的替代方案的好奇心发生了变化。早期的理想主义运动与后期的实用主义运动形成了鲜明对比。
*谷歌趋势 (Google Trends)：谷歌趋势是一个用来衡量某搜索词在谷歌搜索引擎上流行程度的工具。Google Trends并没有提供搜索量（即搜索词被使用的次数），而是在标准范围内显示出某一段时间内搜索词使用的变化情况。
*探索性因子分析 (exploratory factor analysis)：简称“EFA”，是一项用来找出多元观测变量的本质结构、并进行处理降维的技术。
*机构性的兴趣 (institutional interest)：此处的机构多指政府和企业实体。
This article maps patterns of interest in key terms associated with copyright and online culture in the US context. Using exploratory factor analysis of data from Google Trends, authors examined patterns in keyword searches between 2004 and 2019. The data show three distinct periods of interest. The first period consists of utopian, cause-driven search terms; the second marks a rise and eventual decline in creatively motivated, maker-fueled searches; and the third is characterized by rising utilitarian and institutional interest in accessible copyrighted material. These data show empirically that the public curiosity about alternatives to strict copyright have changed during the study period. Earlier, more idealistic movements contrast with later, more practical approaches.
//03
包容性的相关概念：数据、话语与暴力
【题目】
Terms of inclusion: Data, discourse, violence
【作者】
Anna Lauren Hoffmann, University of California, Berkeley, USA
【链接】
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1461444820958725
【摘要】
包容性*在“数据伦理”这个新兴领域所具有的早期奠基性价值早已浮现。从表面上看，对包容性的呼吁似乎是为了解决如下威胁：即，有偏见的数据技术做出片面的决策，亦或是通过复制更为长期、持续的压迫和暴力模式来误导人们。然而，这些新兴的包容性话语值得三思——它们远非一味可以解决无处不在的数据收集与监视威胁的灵丹妙药。本文使用话语暴力*的视角，以更好地理论化包容性与数据科技的暴力倾向之间的关系。在此过程中，本文旨在广泛地阐明隐含在“包容性”理念中的有问题的、且往往是不正当的权力关系。如果不伴之以现有等级权力结构的剧烈变动，这些权力关系往往会使差异所具有的根本性潜力弥散无踪，并正常化原本的压迫性的结构性状况。
*包容性 (inclusion)：鲁哈·本杰明 (Ruha Benjamin) 认为包容性“包括愿意承认甚至陶醉于文化差异，而并没有严肃地挑战当下的结构性不平等”。作为话语暴力的一种形式，包容性话语可以方便地掩盖诸如结构性暴力、数据歧视等问题。
*话语暴力 (discursive violence)：话语暴力的基本含义是“发生在书面或口头话语中的暴力，而不是在物理上、物质性的暴力”。弗朗茨·法农 (Frantz Fanon) 认为，暴力既取决于社会和政治规范，又构成社会和政治规范。通过这种方式，话语和暴力相互建构。而话语暴力，也拥有着激发其他形式暴力的可能性，包括物质暴力、物质暴力和象征暴力。在这样的学理背景下，本文以话语暴力角度切入，“不仅关注数据科技的有害产出，还关注历史、制度和话语对其更广泛的构建，这些不仅可以使暴力成为可能，而且使其正常化”。
Inclusion has emerged as an early cornerstone value for the emerging domain of “data ethics.” On the surface, appeals to inclusion appear to address the threat that biased data technologies making decisions or misrepresenting people in ways that reproduce longer standing patterns of oppression and violence. Far from a panacea for the threats of pervasive data collection and surveillance, however, these emerging discourses of inclusion merit critical consideration.
Here, I use the lens of discursive violence to better theorize the relationship between inclusion and the violent potentials of data science and technology.
In doing so, I aim to articulate the problematic and often perverse power relationships implicit in ideals of “inclusion” broadly, which—if not accompanied by dramatic upheavals in existing hierarchical power structures—too often work to diffuse the radical potential of difference and normalize otherwise oppressive structural conditions.
//04
跨中介的准社会关系：个人脸书群组促进影响者与追随者的联系
【题目】
Keeping Resilience and vulnerability: Emotional and affective labour in mom blogging
【作者】
Mariah L Wellman, Department of Communication, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
【链接】
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1461444820958719
【摘要】
本研究扩展了准社会关系理论*，将其指向一种跨媒介的准社会关系，认为受欢迎的用户依赖特定的社交媒体平台来维持与此前在另一平台上积累的个人粉丝之间的关系。这一理论扩展要求学者关注有影响力的用户在哪些平台之间游走，以及特定平台的功能性支持如何帮助或阻碍用户已有关系的发展。为了阐明这一理论扩展，研究者运用了多种方法来探索澳大利亚网红Sarah’s Day运营的一个私人脸书 (Facebook) 群组。研究者调查群组成员们如何通过群组交流想法、寻求支持、询问问题以及分享对自己和他人的批评。在Sarah’s Day的例子中，一名最初在YouTube和Instagram上积累起粉丝群体的网红创建了一个自立的Facebook群，以此轻松地以便维持与粉丝们的关系，且不断地从粉丝们的“劳动”中受益。
*准社会关系理论 (the theory of parasocial relationships)：是指受众将大众传媒中的人物当作真实人物做出反应，并与之形成一种准社会关系，这一关系与面对面交往中建立的人际关系相类似，不过这种关系之是大众与媒体人物之间的一种单方面关系。
1956年心理学家霍顿和沃尔 (Horton & Wohl) 在《精神病学》杂志上发表文章提出“准社会交往”概念 (Para-social Interaction)，用来描述媒介使用者与媒介人物的关系，即某些受众特别是电视观众往往会对其喜爱的电视人物或角色（包括播音员、名人、虚构人物等）产生某种依恋，并发展出一种想象的人际交往关系，由于其与真实社会交往有一定的相似性，所以霍顿和沃尔将其命名为“准社会交往”。准社会关系理论 (the theory of parasocial relationships) 即在此上发展起来。
This essay offers an extension of the theory of parasocial relationships deemed trans-mediated parasocial relationships in which popular users rely on a specific social media platform to maintain relationships with followers previously kindled on another platform. The extension calls for scholars to pay attention to which platforms influential users are moving between and how the affordances of particular platforms help or hinder the growth of existing relationships. To explicate this theory extension, the researcher applied a multi-method approach to explore a private Facebook group run by Australian social media influencer, Sarah’s Day. The researcher investigates how members use the group to communicate their thoughts, seek support, ask questions, and share critiques of themselves and others. In this case, an influencer who originally fostered connections with followers on YouTube and Instagram built a self-sustaining Facebook group to maintain those relationships through little effort of her own, continually benefiting from follower labor.
//05
当新闻媒体与社交媒体相遇：Facebook用户对超市塑料袋禁令新闻的反应
【题目】
When news media and social media meet: How Facebook users reacted to news stories about a supermarket plastic bag ban
【作者】
Kim Borg, Monash University
Jo Lindsay, Monash University
Jim Curtis, Monash University
【链接】
https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820956681
【摘要】
减塑政策对解决塑料污染而言十分重要，但此类政策的成功取决于新社会规范的建立。本研究通过探索新闻媒体和社交媒体在回应新环境政策时的相互作用，进一步拓展了社会规范的公共表达相关的知识。作为第一项探索上述现象的研究，本文明确地以识别和比较社会规范相关信息为目的。研究对2018年澳大利亚超市塑料袋禁令进行了内容分析。结果表明，在现代媒体环境中，与新政策相关的社会规范如何得以创建、强化并被表达。新闻媒体和社交媒体之间的互动为社会规范的公众表达提供了一个窗口。通过这个窗口，社交媒体为面向公众的、实时的环境中的公民参与提供了平台，用户可以在该平台上挑战新闻媒体给出的主导叙事。
Plastic reduction policies are important for addressing plastic pollution however, the success of such policies relies on establishing new social norms. This study advances knowledge on public expressions of social norms by exploring the interplay between news media and social media in response to a new environmental policy. It is the first study to explore this phenomenon with the explicit aim of identifying and comparing information related to social norms. A content analysis was conducted in relation to the 2018 Australian supermarket plastic bag ban. Results demonstrate how social norms related to a new policy are created, reinforced and expressed in the contemporary media landscape. The interaction between news media and social media offers a window into public expressions of social norms, where social media provides a platform for civic participation in a public and real-time environment in which users can challenge the dominant narrative presented by the news media.
//06
流媒体音乐对音乐家有害吗？证据和争论的问题
【题目】
Is music streaming bad for musicians? Problems of evidence and argument
【作者】
David Hesmondhalgh, University of London
【链接】
https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820953541
【摘要】
如今，音乐流媒体*服务是国际音乐产业的核心，其增长引发了巨大争议。这之中，一种重要的批评观点即与音乐创作者从经由流媒体发行的录制音乐中获得的收入金额有关。许多人认为，流媒体音乐让音乐人比以前更难靠音乐谋生。本文识别并确定了一些有关此类批评的论点与证据的重要问题，并展开讨论：(a)对音乐流媒体服务提供的“每流”费率*的可疑关注，(b)未能将流媒体服务视为更广泛的音乐和所有权系统的一部分，(c)考虑到系统性问题时倾向于简化，以及(d)当评论员声称、暗示或假设该体系已明显不公正时，所提供的证据有限。基于这些问题，本文继而讨论了关于流媒体服务系统改进的争论，重点关注的问题在于该项服务能否采用“以用户为中心”的支付系统——而非当前的“按比例”系统。本文表明，相较于以前的音乐录制系统，现在更多的音乐人能从录制音乐中赚钱。但文章也指出，当前的制度保留了其前身结构所特有的显著不平等性和普遍较差的工作条件，而更有价值的讨论则在于如何促使流媒体服务和音乐企业在使用和支付方面提升透明度。
*音乐流媒体 (music streaming)：音乐流媒体就是音乐在线播放服务，音乐数据存储在音乐平台的服务器上，借助网络传输和音乐客户端，用户无需下载直接可以在个人电脑或手机上点击播放。
* “每流”费率 (‘per-stream’ rates)：音乐流媒体平台将某版权所有者的音乐的流媒体播放量相加，并除以平台在市场中的播放量总数来计算流量份额，即以某位音乐人的作品播放量作为分子，以平台在该市场的整体播放量作为分母。
Great controversy has surrounded the growth of the music streaming services that are now central to the music industries internationally. One important set of criticisms concerns the amount of money that music creators receive for the recorded music that is distributed on these services. Many claim that music streaming has made it harder than before for musicians to make a living from music. This article identifies and discusses some significant problems of argument and evidence surrounding these criticisms, as follows: (a) a dubious focus on ‘per-stream’ rates offered by music streaming services, (b) a failure to see streaming services as part of wider systems of music and ownership, (c) tendencies towards simplification when systemic problems are taken into account, and (d) the limited evidence provided when commentators claim, imply or assume that the system has become notably less just. It then discusses debates concerning what might be done to improve the system, especially whether ‘user-centric’ systems of payment might be adopted, instead of the current ‘pro-rata’ system. The article suggests that more musicians rather than fewer might now be able to earn money from recorded music than in preceding recorded-music systems. But it also proposes that the current system retains the striking inequalities and generally poor working conditions that characterised its predecessors, and that better debate requires greater transparency about usage and payment on the part of streaming services and music businesses.
// 07
直言不讳还是缄口不言？考察审查制度和行为传染对中国意见(非)表达的影响
【题目】
Speaking up or staying silent? Examining the influences of censorship and behavioral contagion on opinion (non-) expression in China
【作者】
Yuner Zhu, The University of Hong Kong
King-wa Fu, The University of Hong Kong
【链接】
https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820959016
【摘要】
尽管审查机构往往被设计得不显山露水，但其偶尔还是会在各种情况下自露马脚。在本研究中，我们阐述了四个层面上的“审查接触”(censorship exposure) ，即个人用户遭遇审查的四种情况。我们考察了不同层次的审查接触如何影响用户的意见表达。结果表明，当全球环境下的审查较为严苛时，人们倾向于沉默不语；而当他们亲身经历或亲眼目睹了朋友或参照对象遭到审查时，人们则往往会以直抒己见的方式“反抗”审查。我们还发现，社区已然成为抵制审查影响的关键缓冲地带。直言不讳的群体往往能够自免于受罚的恐惧，亦可经由直言疏解个人对审查制度的愤怒。在上述两种情况下，个人都可以从对审查制度的过度关注中解放出来，并有权为自己采取行动。
Despite being designed to go unnoticed, censorship apparatus would occasionally manifest itself under various circumstances. In this study, we formulate four layers of censorship exposure where individual users can come across censorship. We investigate how different layers of censorship exposure influence users’ opinion expressions. Results show that people tend to stay silent when the censorship in the global environment is intensive, whereas they tend to “rebel” against censorship by voicing their opinions, when they experience censorship themselves or witness censorship occurring to their friends or reference persons. We also find community acts as a critical buffer against the influences of censorship. Outspoken crowd could shield individuals from the fear of punishment and outspoken friends could mitigate individuals’ anger against censorship. In either case, individuals can be liberated from their overconcern with censorship and be empowered to act for themselves.
// 08
从档案文化到短暂性内容，以及复归：用数字方法研究Instagram故事
【题目】
From archive cultures to ephemeral content, and back: Studying Instagram Stories with digital methods
【作者】
Lucia Bainotti, Università degli Studi di Torino, Italy
Alessandro Caliandro, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Italy
Alessandro Gandini, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
【链接】
https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820960071
【摘要】
尽管人们对短暂性数字内容*的兴趣日益浓厚，但有关于此主题的研究方法及对其所面挑战的探索尚付阙如。为填补这一空白，本文讨论了考察Instagram Stories的两种研究策略。这些网站允许用户以记录片式和叙事式的风格分享他们日常生活中的瞬间；其特点是短暂，因为每个故事只持续24小时。文章探讨了如何绕过Instagram 应用编程接口(API)的“关闭”限制，并试图通过“绕过研究对象”，利用个人用户在其他平台的账号（此处是YouTube）存档Instagram Stories。通过上述探索，我们进一步深化了在后API环境*(post-API environment)中创新、并重新定位数字方法的思考。除了方法论的效用，我们还揭示了短暂性内容和档案文化之间的张力，并提出了与短暂性内容相关的收集、分析和存档的认识论，亦关注其所涉及的伦理问题之思。
*短暂性数字内容 (ephemeral digital content)：指在24小时内消失的帖子/消息，于2013年首次由Snapchat推出。即时内容很简单，可以是任何视觉内容——视频或照片——只有在特定的时间内可用。在Snapchat和Instagram上，用户发送的照片可以被浏览一两次，然后就消失了。这些内容可以发送给个人用户、群组或发布在公开的“故事”上。故事可以是叙事故事、产品演示，也可以只是一系列无关的观察、笑话或视频。
*应用编程接口(API, application programming interface)：是指允许两个应用程序相互通信的软件中介。用户使用像Facebook这样的应用程序，发送即时消息，或在手机上查看天气，都是在使用一个API。API使公司能够向外部第三方开发人员、业务合作伙伴和公司内部部门开放应用程序数据和功能。这允许服务和产品相互通信，并通过文档化的接口利用彼此的数据和功能。
*Instagram API关闭(Instagram API closure)：2018年4月，Instagram 强制执行数据访问限制，即针对一些开发者降低了平台API的速率限制，并在没有事先警告的情况下，完全删除了其他人对它的访问权限。在变化之前，Instagram有每小时5000的“速率限制”（ Mallikarjunan以分钟数类比），这些本质上其实是要求获取用户在该应用上的活动数据——比如赞和评论。变化后，速率限制对开发人员突然降低到每小时200，而其他人对API的访问则被完全取消了。
*后API环境(post-API environment)：在过去，学术开发人员和研究人员使用API访问数据来收集和存储社交媒体数据，并生成社交网络和问题的可视化和分析。近年来，API访问越来越受到社交媒体网络公司的限制和监管。Facebook(公司)已经限制学术研究访问Facebook(社交媒体平台)和Instagram (Facebook旗下的社交媒体平台)。因为，这容易让人接触到易盈利的资源，尤其是营销人员和广告商。这一限制使得数字社交生活的学术研究人员陷入困境，API相关的研究已经被削减。
Despite growing interest, there is a shortage of research about the methods and challenges that concern researching ephemeral digital content. To fill this gap, the article discusses two research strategies to study Instagram Stories. These allow users to share moments of their everyday lives in a documentary and narrative style; their peculiar feature is ephemerality, as each Story lasts for 24 hours. The article (a) explores how to bypass the Instagram API closure and (b) engages in an attempt at ‘circumventing the object of study’, taking advantage of how individual users archive Instagram Stories on other platforms (here, YouTube). In so doing, we contribute to the debate that seeks to innovate and ‘repurpose’ digital methods in a post-API environment. Besides the methodological utility, we show the tension between ephemeral content and archive cultures, and raise epistemological and ethical concerns about the collection, analysis and archival of ephemeral content.
编译 | 李嘉睿 汪骞
审校 | 林珺瑶
编辑 | 汪骞
引擎出品，必属原创
欢迎关注，自由分享
【我想转载】请注明文章出处及推送链接；媒体机构（含各类网站及微博、微信平台）需转载请在后台留言联系授权。
【我要投稿】请在后台留言并附上相应稿件简介，我们将与您取得联系。
【我愿加入】请在后台留言：姓名+学校+邮箱+手机号，我们期待您的参与。