|开放获取|健康儿童皮肤透皮失水率与角质层含水量的相关性研究
健康儿童皮肤透皮失水率与角质层含水量的相关性研究
赖庆松1 陈爱祺1 赖宇霖1 叶理2 王晓华2 蔄茂强2
作者单位:1广东省普宁市公共卫生医学中心,普宁 515300;2南方医科大学皮肤病医院皮肤生理研究及护肤品研发功效评价中心,广州 510091
通信作者:蔄茂强,Email:mqman@hotmail.com
【引用本文】 赖庆松,陈爱祺,赖宇霖,等. 健康儿童皮肤透皮失水率与角质层含水量的相关性研究[J].中华皮肤科杂志,2023, 56(1):35-39. doi:10.35541/cjd.20220672
【摘要】 目的 探讨角质层含水量与透皮失水率的相关性。方法 2021年10月至2022年6月在普宁市公共健康医疗中心、2所幼儿园及2所小学招募 ≤ 17岁健康儿童。用皮肤生理功能测量仪测量健康儿童左前臂屈侧和右胫前部位的透皮失水率和角质层含水量,采用Pearson相关分析法分析不同年龄、性别儿童的透皮失水率与角质层含水量的相关性。结果 共招募1 396例健康儿童,年龄1个月至17岁,男783例、女613例。在1 ~ < 12个月组,除男童前臂部位的皮肤透皮失水率与角质层含水量无显著相关性外,男童胫前和女童前臂及胫前部位的透皮失水率与角质层含水量均呈正相关(r值为0.283、0.404、0.420,均P < 0.05);在1 ~ 2岁组,男童前臂和女童胫前部位的皮肤透皮失水率与角质层含水量无显著相关性,而男童胫前和女童前臂部位的透皮失水率与角质层含水量均呈正相关(r值为0.370、0.419,均P < 0.01);在3 ~ 5岁组和6 ~ 11岁组,除6 ~ 11岁组男童胫前的透皮失水率与角质层含水量无显著相关性外,两组男女性其他部位的透皮失水率与角质层含水量均呈显著正相关(r值为0.172 ~ 0.293,均P < 0.05);12 ~ 17岁组,男女性前臂及胫前部位的透皮失水率与角质层含水量均呈显著正相关(r值为0.269 ~ 0.485,均P < 0.001)。结论 健康儿童前臂屈侧和胫前部位的透皮失水率与角质层含水量呈正相关,且随年龄增大,此正相关性有增加趋势。【关键词】 表皮;儿童;青少年;角质层含水量;表皮通透屏障功能;透皮失水率DOI:10.35541/cjd.20220672
Correlations between transepidermal water loss rates and stratum corneum hydration levels in healthy childrenLai Qingsong1, Chen Aiqi1, Lai Yulin1, Ye Li2, Wang Xiaohua2, Man Maoqiang21Medical Center for Public Health of Puning, Puning 515300, Guangdong, China; 2Center for Research on Skin Physiology and Development of Skin Care Products, Dermatology Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510091, ChinaCorrespondingauthor: Man Maoqiang, Email: mqman@hotmail.com【Abstract】 Objective To determine whether the transepidermal water loss rate (TEWL) is correlated with the stratum corneum (SC) hydration level. Methods Healthy children aged ≤ 17 years were enrolled from Medical Center for Public Health of Puning, 2 kindergartens and 2 primary schools, from October 2021 to June 2022. TEWL and SC hydration levels were measured on the left forearm and right anterior shank using a device for measuring skin physiological funcitons. Pearson correlation analysis was used to determine the correlations between TEWL and SC hydration levels in children of different ages and genders. Results A total of 1 396 healthy children were enrolled, aged from 1 month to 17 years. Among them, 783 were male children and 613 were female children. In children aged 1 to < 12 months, no correlation was observed between TEWL and SC hydration levels on the forearms of male children, while TEWL was positively correlated with SC hydration levels on the anterior shanks of male children, as well as on the forearm and anterior shanks of female children (r = 0.283, 0.404, 0.420, respectively, all P < 0.05). In children aged 1 to 2 years, positive correlations were observed between the above two indicators on the anterior shanks of male children and forearms of female children (r = 0.370, 0.419, respectively, both P < 0.01), while there were no correlations between the two indicators on the anterior shanks of female children or forearms of male children. Positive correlations were observed between TEWL and SC hydration levels on both the forearms and anterior shanks of female children and the forearms of male children aged 3 to 5 years and 6 to 11 years (r values ranging from 0.172 to 0.293, all P < 0.05), but not on the anterior shanks of male children aged from 6 to 11 years. The group aged 12 to 17 years exhibited significantly positive correlations between TEWL and SC hydration levels on both the anterior shanks and forearms of male and female children (r values ranging from 0.269 to 0.485, all P < 0.001). Conclusion SC hydration levels are positively correlated with TEWL on the anterior shanks and forearms of healthy children, and the degree of correlation tends to increase with age. 【Key words】 Epidermis; Child; Adolescent; Stratum corneum hydration; Epidermal permeability barrier; Transepidermal water lossDOI: 10.35541/cjd.20220672
表皮通透屏障功能指皮肤防止物质通过表皮进出机体。表皮通透屏障主要位于角质层,由分化蛋白和角质形成细胞间的脂质混合物构成[1]。角质层的含水量主要由角质层天然保湿因子的量决定,主要保湿因子包括氨基酸及其衍生物、甘油、透明质酸、盐、乳酸和脂质等[2]。表皮通透屏障功能和角质层含水量由角质形成细胞的生物功能决定,而角质形成细胞的功能受诸多体内外因素的调节[3-5]。临床上,通常通过测量透皮失水率和电容(或电阻)分别衡量表皮通透屏障功能和角质层含水量。特应性皮炎和银屑病皮损中角质层含水量与透皮失水率呈负相关[6]。因此,有学者认为,皮肤干燥是表皮通透屏障功能受损的表现。但我们前期对1 404例健康成人的研究结果显示,角质层含水量与透皮失水率呈正相关[2],提示皮肤干燥似乎不是表皮通透屏障功能受损的表现。由于年龄可以影响角质层含水量和透皮失水率[7-8],我们研究1个月至17岁健康儿童皮肤角质层含水量与透皮失水率的相关性。
对象与方法
//1. 研究对象:2021年10月至2022年6月在普宁市公共健康医疗中心、2所幼儿园及2所小学招募健康儿童,其中2所幼儿园及2所小学因新冠肺炎疫情管控,仅在2022年3 - 5月招募研究对象。纳入标准:①年龄1个月至17岁;②除外正常洗浴,过去24 h内前臂屈侧和胫前部位未使用过任何护肤品;③监护人(针对13岁以下儿童)和研究对象本人愿意参加本研究。排除标准:有角化异常性皮肤病或炎症性皮肤病。所有研究对象或其监护人口头同意参加本研究。本研究经南方医科大学皮肤病医院伦理委员会批准(批准号:2021025)。根据不同的发育期,将研究对象分为5组:1 ~ < 12个月、1 ~ 2岁、3 ~ 5岁、6 ~ 11岁和12 ~ 17岁。//2. 透皮失水率和角质层含水量的测量:测量前,研究对象在温度(23 ± 1) ℃,相对湿度40% ~ 60%的房间内休息30 min。应用GpSkin Barrier?便捷式专业皮肤生理功能测量仪(韩国GPOWER公司)测量左前臂屈侧和右胫前皮肤角质层含水量和透皮失水率[9]。<5岁儿童测量腕关节以上及膝关节以下5 cm处;≥ 5岁儿童测量腕关节以上及膝关节以下10 cm处。//3. 统计分析:用GraphPad Prism 8软件进行数据分析。计量数据用x[±]s表示,采用Pearson相关分析法分析角质层含水量与透皮失水率的相关性。
结 果
//1. 一般资料:共招募1 396例1个月至17岁健康儿童,男783例、女613例(表1)。1 017例来自普宁市公共健康医疗中心皮肤科门诊,379例来自幼儿园和小学。
//2. 角质层含水量与透皮失水率的相关性:如图1A所示,1 396例健康儿童前臂和胫前部位的皮肤角质层含水量与透皮失水率均呈显著正相关(男女儿童整体前臂:r = 0.357;胫前:r = 0.268;两者均P < 0.001)。在1 ~ < 12个月组,男童前臂部位的皮肤透皮失水率与角质层含水量无明显相关性,而男性胫前和女性前臂及胫前部位的透皮失水率与角质层含水量呈正相关(P值分别为0.015、0.005、0.003),见图1B。在1 ~ 2岁组,男童前臂和女童胫前部位的皮肤透皮失水率与角质层含水量无明显相关性,但男性胫前和女性前臂部位的透皮失水率与角质层含水量呈正相关(P值分别 < 0.001、= 0.002),见图1C。在3 ~ 5岁和6 ~ 11岁组,除6 ~ 11岁组男童胫前部位的皮肤角质层含水量与透皮失水率无显著相关性外(P > 0.05),这两组男女童的前臂和胫前部位皮肤角质层含水量与透皮失水率均呈显著正相关(均P < 0.05),见图1D、1E。在12 ~ 17岁组,男性、女性前臂和胫前部位皮肤角质层含水量与透皮失水率均呈显著正相关(均P < 0.001),见图1F。
图1 1 396例不同年龄组健康儿童前臂及胫前皮肤角质层含水量与透皮失水率的相关性分析1A ~ 1F:分别为1个月至17岁、1 ~ < 12个月、1 ~ 2岁、3 ~ 5岁、6 ~ 11岁和12 ~ 17岁组。不同年龄组男女性儿童不同部位皮肤透皮失水率与角质层含水量呈不同程度正相关
讨 论
角质层含水量与透皮失水率的高低分别反映表皮的不同功能。一般认为,皮肤通透屏障功能受损(透皮失水率增高)引起皮肤水分丢失增多,从而导致皮肤干燥。然而透皮失水率增高通常只表示透过皮肤水分丢失增加,是否导致皮肤干燥尚需进一步探讨。研究显示,胆固醇和必需脂肪酸缺乏症的小鼠以及特应性皮炎和银屑病患者皮肤角质层含水量与透皮失水率呈负相关[6,10-13]。然而,在动物模型和皮肤病患者中,并没有直接证据证明角质层含水量降低由透皮失水率增高引起。现有证据提示,在胆固醇缺乏的小鼠中,皮肤干燥出现在透皮失水率增高之前[10];且在银屑病患者中,未受累的皮肤透皮失水率与健康人群无明显差异,但其角质层含水量明显低于健康人群[6]。另一项研究显示,银屑病患者未受累皮肤的透皮失水率[(8.54 ± 3.87) g·m-2·h-1]明显高于健康对照[(6.41 ± 4.41)g·m-2·h-1,P = 0.022],但其角质层含水量与健康对照的差异无统计学意义[(30.55 ± 11.78) au比(30.9 ± 12.22) au][14]。尽管这些研究结果不完全一致,但均不支持皮肤干燥由透皮失水率增高所致。同样,无皮脂腺小鼠的皮肤角质层含水量降低,但其透皮失水率却与野生对照小鼠无明显差异[15]。这些证据提示,至少在某些皮肤病中,表皮通透屏障功能降低(透皮失水率增高)与皮肤干燥不存在因果关系。为探讨角质层含水量与透皮失水率的关系,我们测量了1 396例健康儿童透皮失水率和角质层电容值来分别评价表皮通透屏障功能和角质层含水量。本研究结果显示,在1个月至17岁的健康儿童中前臂和胫前皮肤角质层含水量与透皮失水率均呈正相关,这一结果与成人的测量结果一致[2]。有研究报道,与年轻人相比,老年人皮肤角质层含水量及透皮失水率均较低[8,16-17]。人类面部皮肤的角质层含水量高于前臂部位,而透皮失水率也高于前臂部位[18]。因此,在正常皮肤中角质层含水量降低与透皮失水率升高也没有因果关系。尽管测量透皮失水率是评价表皮通透屏障功能最常用的方法,但由于GpSkin Barrier?或Tewameter等设备测量的数值并不完全是真实的透皮失水率,一部分为角质层蒸发的水分,因此,角质层含水量高时,通常所测得的透皮失水率也高。此外,在低湿度环境下表皮分化蛋白和脂质合成酶的表达上调,角质层厚度增加,进而透皮失水率降低[19]。因此,这些可以一定程度上解释透皮失水率与角质层含水量呈正相关的原因。当然,也有报道,当人在相对湿度1.5%的环境中工作少于0.5个月或大于10个月时,透皮失水率与角质层含水量无显著相关性,而工作0.5 ~ 10个月时皮肤透皮失水率与角质层含水量呈负相关[20]。现有的证据一般通过测量透皮失水率来评价表皮通透屏障功能,目前仍缺乏足够证据支持“皮肤干燥是表皮通透屏障功能受损的表现”,角质层含水量与表皮通透屏障功能的关系还有待进一步研究。本研究结果显示,健康儿童和青少年皮肤透皮失水率与角质层含水量呈正相关,提示皮肤干燥不一定是表皮通透屏障功能受损的表现。至于在某些状态下(如暴露于紫外线)表皮通透屏障功能受损是否导致皮肤干燥,以及我国其他地区健康人群皮肤透皮失水率与角质层含水量的相关性仍需进一步探索。利益冲突
所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突作者贡献声明
赖庆松、陈爱祺、赖宇霖、叶理:招募志愿者、测量和记录数据;王晓华:招募志愿者、测量和记录数据、撰写文章;蔄茂强:实验设计、分析数据、撰写文章
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