李乘医生写给大家的一封信
写给大家的一封信
众志成城?抗击疫情
Part.1
今年是新型冠状病毒肺炎的第三个年头,从2019年年底开始本人一直奋战在抗击新冠疫情的事业上,从最开始的COVID-19,到现在的奥密克戎变异毒株,病毒的传染力是越来越强,国家也在一步一步的调整防控政策,防控方案已经更新到了第九版,近日国务院联防联控机制又颁布了“优化防控方案二十条措施”,只能说病毒离我们越来越近,这几日我通过整理文献也总结出一些数据在这里给大家讲讲。
英国menni博士等对至少接种过两针疫苗后感染奥密克戎变异株的63000多例研究对象进行调查,发现最常出现的症状有:流涕(76.5%)、头痛 (74.4%)、喉痛(70.5%)、打喷嚏(63.5%)、持续性咳嗽(49.8%)、声音嘶哑(42.6%)。与德尔塔感染症状相比,奥密克戎感染后喉痛、声音嘶哑的情况增多,嗅觉丧失情况减少,且脑雾、眼睛酸痛、眩晕、高热等症状也减少,重症病例明显减少,符合奥密克戎传播快、接种疫苗后再感染症状轻、重症少的特点。此外,和德尔塔感染者相比,奥密克戎感染者住院风险下降25%,1周内恢复概率是德尔塔感染者的2倍以上,表明奥密克戎感染者的传染期可能会变短。
Part.2
此次全国疫情绝大多数奥密克戎感染者为无症状和轻症患者。但因奥密克戎传播力极强,若没有防护措施,平均1例感染者可以传播9.5人,导致感染基数巨大,住院人数和重症、死亡人数仍然不可忽视,尤其对有基础疾病的感染者伤害极大,造成了医疗系统的巨大压力。以医疗水平最发达的美国为例,据纽约邮报报道,截至2022年5月12日,美国已有100多万人死于新冠肺炎,其中20万为奥密克戎流行后新增,且可能继续大幅增加。哈佛麻省总医院大型研究表明,奥密克戎因为高疫苗接种率和更好的治疗使得住院和死亡人数减少,否则其致死率可能和早期新冠病毒一样严重。目前看来,奥密克戎真实世界病死率约为流感的7~8倍,老年人群的病死率超过10%,80岁以上人群尤甚,为普通流感的近100倍。英国伦敦国王学院的研究提示,奥密克戎导致“长期新冠”的概率相对较低,仅4.5%的奥密克戎感染者出现后遗症,比例为德尔塔出现后遗症的一半,但由于奥密克戎感染人数更多,“长期新冠”的绝对患者人数也会相应增多。目前英国?200万人有新冠肺炎感染后遗症,其中奥密克戎流行期间报告的占31%,上海此次在定点医院救治的确诊患者中,将来是否会有各种长期新冠症状,还需长期随访观察。奥密克戎既不是天然疫苗,也不是大号流感,更不是新冠病毒进化的终点,其对人类生命健康的威胁仍不容小觑。
Part.3
克菲勒大学schmidt教授等研究发现,与原始株相比,新冠肺炎康复者血清对于奥密克戎的中和滴度只有原来的1/60~1/30;而最新数据表明,两剂BNT162b2疫苗对奥密克戎人群有效性在接种后2-4周时为65.5%,在25周或更长时间后降至8.8%;加强接种第三剂BNT162b2后2-4周疫苗有效性增至67.2%,然而在10周以后降至45.7%;而加强接种mRNA-1273在2-4周将疫苗有效性提高到73.9%,5-9周时,疫苗有效性降至64.4%。已接种两剂ChadOx1 nCoV-19疫苗者,在加强接种mRNA-1273后2-4周疫苗有效性增至70.1%,在5-9周时降至60.9%。同样,张文宏团队 Ai等研究发现,接种了2针灭活疫苗的受试者对奥密克戎的抗体滴度水平较原始株下降至少5.3倍,在第三针同源或异源接种后,抗体滴度显著升高,抗体阳性率达到至少75%。近期广州的一项临床研究也提示,在全程接种半年后及时 完成加强接种,可使疫苗效应扩大化,尤其是异源增强。综上所述,奥密克戎对已恢复的新冠肺炎患者血清和已接种疫苗者的血清中具有明显的抵抗力,但在接种加强剂特别是混接后,疫苗的保护作用大大增加,而这种保护依然会随着时间的推移而减弱,奥密克戎变体对许多现有的新冠肺炎疫苗和疗法都构成了严重威胁,尽快研究针对其的新疫苗至关重要。令人欣慰的是,中生国药和科兴公司两款奥密克戎灭活疫苗已进入临床试验。接种疫苗及加强剂的必要性,根据香港卫生署提供的数据,香港此次奥密克戎变异株流行期间,已接种三针疫苗者感染比例低、症状轻,在住院、危重 症及死亡病例中的占比更低。在没有接种疫苗的全人群中病死率为3%,在接种了两剂次的全人群中病死率约0.15%,接种了三剂次病死率约0.03%
Part.4
基于我国本土奥密克戎病例个案信息进行统计,显示国产新冠病毒疫苗全程基础免疫可以将≥60岁奥密克 戎株感染病例的肺炎发病风险降低70%~80%。除此之外,研究表明,奥密克戎变体在美国流行占主导地位期间,所有加强剂量的疫苗接种对门诊和住院治疗都提供了更高的保护。新冠病毒是否可以借助自然感染产生的抗感染免疫细胞而产生ADE效应仍处于观察中,但是mRNA疫苗产生的抗体是安全的。发布在《公共卫生期刊》上的研究也表明,接种新冠疫苗后未增加静脉血栓形成或肺栓塞的风险。因此,接种新冠病毒疫苗及加强剂可使感染后的临床表现、肺炎发生率及死亡风险显著减少,对预防奥密克戎导致的重症和死亡有重要意义,需提高人群疫苗接种覆盖率,特别是持续推动老年人群的全程与加强接种,提高群体免疫。
Part.5
写在最后阻断疫情最直接的方式就是戴口罩,保持社交距离,接种疫苗,做核酸,研究表明:
没戴口罩的新冠肺炎患者,有70%机会传染戴上口罩的没受感染人群
戴上口罩的新冠肺炎患者,有5%机会传染没戴口罩的没受感染人群
戴上口罩的新冠肺炎患者,仅有1.5%机会传染戴上口罩的没受感染人群
Part.6
另外我中心中医科响应省中医局的号召,目前推出省中医局制定的《河北省新型冠状病毒肺炎中医药防治方案?》试行第六版,?里面有中药预防方、中药香囊等,欢迎广大市民朋友前来问询。
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