电影《IKE Countdown to D-Day》背后的故事
1. 捡漏来的世界上最强大的统帅
电影中丘吉尔说艾森豪威尔是世界上最强大的统帅,比拿破仑和亚历山大还要powerful。此话不虚。因为为实施这一历史上最大规模的登陆战,盟军集结了多达288万人的部队。光陆军就有36个师,其中23个步兵师,10个装甲师,3个空降师,约153万人。海军投入作战的军舰约5300艘,还有5000余艘运输船。空军作战飞机13700架,其中轰炸机5800架,战斗机4900架,运输机滑翔机3000架。
但是这个最有权力的帅位是IKE捡来的,指挥诺曼底登陆本来应该是另外两个人。
The original supreme commander for the?European Theater of Operations 是Frank Maxwell Andrews, 但此君不幸was killed in an airplane crash.
At the Casablanca Conference in January 1943, Lieutenant General Andrews was appointed commander of all United States forces in the European Theater of Operations. Eisenhower 则负责North African-Mediterranean Theaters, with the upcoming invasions of Sicily and then Italy.
就任后,On May 3, 1943, during an inspection tour, Andrews was killed in a crash after an aborted attempt to land at the Royal Air Force Station Kaldadarnes (Iceland). Andrews and thirteen others died in the crash. Andrews 也就成为了 the highest-ranking Allied officer dying in the war。
General Marshall would say, late in life, that Andrews was the only general he had a chance to groom for a possible Supreme Allied Commandr. 这番话表明,在马歇尔眼里,艾森豪威尔不是最好的人选。
参谋长联席会议主席马歇尔本人当然是堪当此任的将军,但因美国总统罗斯福不愿意马歇尔离开华盛顿,因此艾森豪威尔被任命为“盟军远征军最高总司令”。
2. 历史上被提拔最快的将军
艾森豪威尔的将军之路可能是军人历史上最顺利的。1941年9月刚刚晋升为准将,1年零5个月后就晋升为上将,1年零10个月后又晋升为美国最高军衔:五星上将。
二战前,IKE在美国战斗纪念物委员会担任约翰·潘兴的助理,也为战争部助理部长乔治 V. 莫斯利将军担任执行官,他以杰出参谋军官著称,后被美国陆军参谋长道格拉斯·麦克阿瑟选中进入陆军部。1935年随麦克阿瑟来到菲律宾担任菲律宾政府军事顾问。1936年晋升中校,因观点与麦克阿瑟发生冲突。1939年返回美国,在担任一系列的参谋职位后,1941年6月成为第3集团军参谋长,同年9月晋升为准将。
第二次世界大战珍珠港事件后,他在陆军参谋长马歇尔领导的总参谋部任职,历任战争计划部主任、助理参谋长,虽然从来没有领导大部队作战经历,仍被马歇尔赏识,1942年6月24日被任命为“欧洲战区司令”并很快的晋升为中将。
由于1942年7月北非英军及美军的部队接连受挫,再加上英国首相丘吉尔的极力主张,美英决定发动北非战役。同年8月艾森豪威尔被任命为“北非战区盟军总司令”。但他之前从未单独指挥过作战,然而这次指挥英美联军在北非登陆进展顺利,艾森豪威尔也因此声名大噪。
仅靠一次战功就在1943年2月11日晋升为上将,随后在1943年6月—8月继续指挥西西里岛战役。
1944年6到8月成功指挥霸王行动,进行诺曼底登陆后,9月IKE即移驻法国正式接管蒙哥马利的地面部队指挥权,指挥攻占德国。在1944年12月20日晋升为美国陆军五星上将。
IKE的官运还没有就此打住,战后他还在杜鲁门后肯尼迪前还做了2届美国总统。
3. 史上最官运亨通的人的性格特征
电影中的IKE表现出了在各国领导人中、各军兵种间将军中卓越的协调能力,这点的确无人出其右,这方面片中着墨甚多。此外,一个统帅更要有决断力,以下两个事实说明IKE的决断力也不差。
The movie accurately depicts the incident in which Henry J. F. Miller, a temporary major general and West Point classmate of Eisenhower, who was serving as chief of the USAFE's Materiel Command, blurted out the general time and place of Overlord while drunk at a restaurant. A lieutenant of the 101st Airborne overheard this and reported it up。IKE 毫不犹豫地把他的同学Miller sent back to the United States as lieutenant colonel.
面对预测中70%的空降兵的损失,那可是盟军精锐的三个师呀:the British 6th and the American 82nd and 101st,IKE 还是为了战役的胜利,下决心按计划空投!这个决断的统帅在下了命令后,还不忘亲自去看望即将空投的伞兵。如何你是IKE,当你知道你面前这些生龙活虎的小伙子70%将在敌后伤亡,你还能这么侃侃而谈吗(在电影中甚至还出现有说有笑的轻松场面)?这就是一个统帅必备的铁石心肠吗?
4. 统帅的女司机
因军方保密工作做得好,IKE和他英国女司机的婚外情没有引起克林顿和莱温斯基式的轰动。
英国女司机Summersby joined the British Mechanized Transport Corps (MTC) in 1939. She drove an ambulance throughout the London Blitz in 1940 and 1941, and was reported to be an excellent driver. Summersby was one of many MTC drivers assigned as chauffeurs to high-ranking American military officers. She was assigned to drive Eisenhower when he arrived in London in May 1942. She chauffeured Eisenhower and later became his secretary until November 1945,
President Harry S. Truman reportedly told author Merle Miller that in 1945, Eisenhower asked permission from General George Marshall to divorce his wife to marry Summersby, but permission was refused.
Eisenhower biographer Jean Edward Smith wrote, "Whether he and Kay were intimate remains a matter of conjecture. But there is no question they were in love."
Her 1975 autobiography, was explicit about there being a romance, although it also said they had not actually had sexual intercourse. 难道他们两个是克林顿与莱温斯基的前例吗?非也, According to Summersby in the book, there really wasn't much of a sexual relationship between the two, in part because she claims that Eisenhower suffered from erectile dysfunction. She claims that there were two unsuccessful attempts to have intercourse, but that on both occasions Eisenhower was unable to perform. Summersby claimed that the affair mostly consisted of "stolen kisses" during walks or while the two were flying together.
重压之下的统帅、总统还是蛮不容易的。美国政府应该吸取教训,不要再给他们派女秘书、女司机了!
近百篇原创文章包括五类:英文读后感、欧洲二战、摄影作品、中国近代史及房产投资。这些原创文章来自创新型的无佣金、无中介的二手房业主直售平台,微信公众号: 业主售房,或者“yezhushoufang” https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/6tgdaBrRAsAudwZw_va3Ug
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