Coursera同学互评1—优秀作业赏析 (#1-#10)

　　同学互评遇到不少好作业。这里记录一些我批到的喜欢的作业。看这些作业也增加了学习Coursera的趣味性！由于同学互评不能复制只能冒昧截图（侵删）。此文仅留给自己欣赏，觉得他们写的比我好，可圈可点。

　　1. 怀疑主义的政治学 — 鹿特丹伊拉斯谟大学2. 《紅樓夢》— 台湾大学3. 品酒：酒类品鉴的感官技术 — 加州大学戴维斯4. 理解国际关系理论— 俄罗斯国立高等经济研究大学5. 英国普通法概论 — 伦敦大学6. 现代与后现代 (上、下) — 卫斯理安大学7. 《新教伦理与资本主义精神》导读 — 复旦大学8. 《史记》 — 台湾大学9. 像莫扎特一样作曲：古典乐谱曲概论 — 新加坡国立大学10. 摄像机控制 — 密西根州立大学 （彩蛋：含我自己的作业）

　　by Erasmus University Rotterdam

　　

　　

　　

　　

　　

　　

　　

　　by National Taiwan University

　　

　　

　　

　　

　　【課程回顧題】以下子題擇一作答即可。

　　一、試說明老師如何論證寶釵在面對金釧兒之死時的表現並非「無情」？這樣的人生態度在書中也多有體現，試再舉一例以說明之，並談談你是否贊同老師對寶釵的評價，以及同意或反對的理由。

　　二、老師如何從 (1) 階級與身分差別 (2) 同階級間的人際關係 來論證襲人進言之舉並非「告密」？試各舉一例以說明之，並談談這樣的論述是否與你個人之前的理解有所出入，你原先的理解如何，而你是否同意老師的看法呢？為什麼？

　　三、老師如何從 (1) 前生恩義的深化與延續 (2) 日常生活的倫理情感 等兩方面論述寶黛情感的基礎與本質？試配合相關情節，各舉一例論述之，並談談你是否同意老師的論述。

　　

　　

　　

　　by University of California, Davis

　　

　　

　　

　　

　　

　　

　　

　　

　　

　　by National Research University Higher School of Economics

　　

　　

　　

　　by University of London

　　

　　Perhaps the area of English Law that requires most reform is the very aspect which defines it: Common Law. Case law, defined here as “law that is derived from custom and judicial precedent” is a decisive aspect of the English legal system, some would even call it fundamental; yet it presents a number of characteristic flaws which make it intrinsically antagonistic to the very notion of justice in a modern democracy.

　　Common law’s first indictable offense is its inextricable incompatibility with one of the pillars of contemporary commonwealth: the separation of powers. Judicial precedents from case law, though disguised as simple judicial decisions, are duplicitously synonymous with laws. In fact, in the context of English case law, statutes are secondary to judicial precedents. And yet, this is entirely overlooked as a simple normative reality of the English legal system. Montesquieu’s “trias politica,” or separation of powers, clearly outlines the roles of each branch of government, the English Constitution itself recognizes the imperative necessity of such a division of sovereignty, and yet, the judicial system is permitted not only to interpret and enact laws (as should be its primary and sole function) but also to implicitly create legal rules, ex nihilo, which behave marginally differently, in practice, to laws passed by the legislative branch and confirmed by the executive department. The key solution to this contention is a reduction in the legislative powers of the judicial branch of the English common law system. Though judicial precedents should continue to exist, Judges should in no way feel compelled to make decisions based on legal norms defined by their predecessors. Laws should be made by, and exclusively by democratically legitimized legislators.

　　The second intrinsic flaw of the English Common Law system, perhaps more tangible than the first, is its inaccessibility. Though this can be viewed in both a positive and negative light, the near thousand years of judicial precedents make for a well documented legal history, but one that is quasi-impossible to understand and interpret by a non-professional. There is much concern for the complexity of the interpretation of statutes as put forth by the work of notable English judicial experts such as former First Parliamentary Counsel Richard Heaton, but the concept of Good Law cannot apply exclusively to statutory legislation. Compliance cannot reasonably be expected of a population which does not understand the rules under which it lives. In the case of English Common Law, this lack of understanding stems, not from a lack of interest or intellect of the population, but rather in the ambiguity and obscurity of most judicial precedents. For the law to be followed, it must first be understood, and a system of case law based on the layering of centuries of judicial precedent simply cannot satisfy the need for accessibility by modern standards. As such, a simple solution appears before us, the only enforceable laws should be those included in clear, well-structured codified texts, uncontradicted by alternative legislation and publicly available to the population in its whole.

　　by Wesleyan University

　　Compare the role of historical progress in the ideas of two of the following: Kant, Rousseau, Marx, Flaubert. In your essay, you should put the emphasis on role, not on an accounting of specific progress.

　　

　　

　　

　　Respond to one of the two following prompts:

　　"What human beings seek to learn from nature is how to use it to dominate wholly both it and human beings. Nothing else counts." -- Horkheimer and Adorno

　　Discuss how the idea of domination plays a role in two of the authors we have read this semester (you may write on Horkheimer and Adorno [as one thinker]).

　　Or

　　Horkheimer and Adorno and Foucault see progress as a kind of trap in which we ensnare ourselves. Discuss one of them in relation to another thinker in our course who also saw progress as a trap.

　　Respond to one of the two following prompts:

　　Butler writes that gender “is a practice of improvisation within a scene of constraint.”

　　Discuss how her idea of improvisation compares with notions of creativity and self-invention we have seen in one other writer we have read in this course.

　　Or

　　Butler is very concerned with the idea of vulnerability. Compare her views on the vulnerable with another thinker we have read in this course.

　　

　　"If the Hegelians are right, then there are no ahistorical criteria for deciding when it is or is not a responsible act to desert a community, any more than for deciding when to change lovers or professions." -- Richard Rorty

　　Respond to one of the two following prompts:

　　Discuss how two of the authors we have read in this course have addressed the issue of whether or not one needs ahistorical ("unconcerned with or unrelated to history, historical development, or tradition") criteria for deciding on human responsibility.

　　Or

　　Which two thinkers in our course do you think Anthony Appiah would consider “cosmopolitan” in his terms?

　　

　　

　　

　　by 复旦大学

　　你认为宗教未来的命运如何，是否会逐渐消亡？请举1-2个例子来支持你的观点，写一篇小论文。(max: 3000 words)

　　

　　

　　

　　

　　相关链接：

　　by 台湾大学

　　第三次作業：紀傳體的核心在於人物，請選擇一位在《史記》中你印象最為深刻的人物，寫作一篇期末報告。

　　作業評分標準

　　本次作業滿分20分（作業內容空白或未交、遲交即為0分，及格分數12分，授課教師保留最終調整分數的權利）。

　　（一）作業內容：

　　1. 內容須包括以下三點：

　　（1）人物介紹：簡單的概述其生平事蹟與時代環境，並說明太史公對他的評價為何。

　　（2）成敗得失：分析他的一生成功之處何在？失敗之處何在？為何成功？為何失敗？

　　（3）為法為戒：你認為從他身上可以得到什麼樣的啟發？哪些道理可以運用在這個時代？

　　2.　除了您必須使用中文完成作業以外，其餘內容、文體、字體、字數均無任何硬性規定，但務必言之有據，告知讀者您參考的資料。

　　

　　

　　National University of Singapore

　　This peer assessment is as much a learning opportunity as an assessment task. All of the different things you need to do through this peer assessment offer an opportunity to learn the content of the course better.

　　First, the assignment itself is about bringing together the various components that you've learned each week. You will need to use different texture types, progression types, cadences, as well as write your own melody. What you've learned in each week of the course will help you to achieve this.

　　Second, you will need to give feedback to other students on their compositions. You probably know the saying "The best way to learn is to teach". Given my experience, this is very true. In reviewing others' work, you will need to make sure that you are comfortable with the concepts and skills taught in the class. You will also get a chance to see solutions that others came up with. That can be very enlightening.

　　Finally, a review of the feedback you receive on your composition will also give you an opportunity to reflect on your work. Again, all of these phases allow you to learn.

　　For this assignment, compose a work in rounded binary form.

　　The following must be included:

　　You must create your work in a music notation program. Please follow the following steps:

　　During submission for this peer assessment, you will need to upload the PDF file of your score AND provide the link to your MP3.

　　Nights of Imagination : A Duet by Mozart and Michelangelo One deceptive cadence , half cadence and perfect authentic cadence

　　

　　

　　

　　

　　

　　

　　

　　

　　

　　

　　

　　

　　

　　

　　

　　by Michigan State University

　　What are the meaningful things in your world of reality, imagination, document, or expression? That alone is a powerful question! A related question forms the basis for this assignment: Whether your expressive purpose in this assignment is to create a photograph from a more documentary point of view, or to creatively express a content drawn from your imagination, how can you use the element of STOP-ACTION-TIME as a prominent aspect to convey that content? The answer to that question will be a key factor in both the technical and content aspects a viewer would evaluate in the one photograph you submit.

　　Are you interested in the new content that is revealed by stopping the action of a traditional dance group you joined, or of your niece as she kicks a soccer ball, or a gesture of love that is fleeting, the mystery of life itself, or the action of a hummingbird's wings...or something else that can only be referenced or expressed through a stop-action moment? Do you want to convey something insightful or expressive as you freeze the motion of a bird, or your grandmother's laughter? Is there a momentary expression on people in the street that, when the action is frozen, becomes a "ballet of life" that is filled with mystery and metaphor? In this assignment, you will share a single photograph that reveals a new content in your world that results from freezing a moment by stopping action.

　　Whether you are making an interpretive picture that is more "artistic," or one that is more practical, realistic, or documentary, be sure to make ISO setting and shutter speed and aperture choices that will result in both a Stop-Action effect and a properly exposed picture holding tonal values of lightness and darkness that are appropriate.

　　As with any photograph, whether it is for artistic or more documentary purposes, frame your image so that there is what an average viewer would consider a successful composition, one that has an arrangement of visual elements that feels "balanced" to your eye.

　　Write a brief Statement consisting of 3-4 sentences. In 2 or 3 sentences, describe the content that you hope a viewer perceives in your picture and why the brief moment in time that you have recorded is a significant one as it relates to you and your world. In the final sentence please share the exposure combination (f. stop, shutter speed, and ISO) you used for the picture, and describe the lighting conditions (as an example, "it was 3pm here in New Delhi, and this scene was lit by direct sunlight"), so your fellow Learners can not only understand the context for your picture but also gain knowledge to use in their future efforts.

　　Upload the image file just as the camera records it, (JPEG FILE FORMAT ONLY, please no TIFF, PDF, or others!) without any Photoshop or App manipulation.

　　PROMPT

　　Please submit your photograph by uploading here. It should be a photograph that is characterized by stop-action resulting from shutter speed control, revealing some aspect in that brief moment of time related to some aspect of your "world," as you define it. (JPEG FILE FORMAT ONLY, please no TIFF, PDF, or others!)

　　Chicago Botanic Garden (Glencoe, IL) Japanese Garden

　　PROMPT

　　Please submit a brief Statement consisting of 3-4 sentences. Two or three of the sentences should describe the content you hope that a viewer might perceive in the picture and why the stop-action moment in time is a significant one. A final sentence should state the exposure combination you used for the photograph (f.stop, shutter speed, and ISO) and a description of the lighting conditions.

　　This is the Elizabeth Hubert Malot Japanese Garden inside the Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, IL ().

　　The picture is taken at summer, I'd like to show the moment that the willow branches and leaves fluttering in the wind.

　　I used automatic exposure modes. Parameters: Shutter Speed 1/1000s, aperture of f.5, ISO 400.

　　PROMPT

　　The photograph should contain tonal values that are appropriate to the content that the photographer's Statement indicates they intended a viewer to perceive.

　　The exposure combination I used was the manual shooting mode, so as to preserve the adjustment by the camera considering the whole scenery including the bridge and the river, to present a harmonic combination of the natural beauty.

　　PROMPT

　　The photographer's Statement should convey their goals describing the content they hope a viewer might perceive in the picture, and why the stop-action moment in time is a significant one as it relates to the photographer and their world.

　　The stop-action in time is a significant one because it's the exact moment that the willow branches and leaves approximately covers the sky, and it feels like you are under the greens shadow with a pleasant mood by the bridge.

　　- It's a great photo; no other way to put it. You captured the trees swaying at the right moment. A wave of calmness flows through me when I look at your photo.

　　- The trees, the sky, the bridge, the wind, and the sunlight; it all comes together to create a peaceful photo.

　　- I totally get the storytelling! Well done! Really liked your photo! I can see the natural beauty in it. Just in the right moment.

　　- The branches and the leaves look they are moving with the air, very nice! Very nice explanation! I really like your project

　　- Beautiful capture! I can feel the warm breeze. So pretty!!!

　　

　　

　　

　　You have learned many things about Depth of Field (aka "DOF") in this Module, and in this assignment you will be able to use that new knowledge. You are also gaining a greater understanding of one or more subjects you enjoy photographing, and in this assignment you will also be able to continue exploring that content.

　　Whether your photography is primarily work-related, family and friends, landscapes, portraits, or abstract expression, you are vitally interested in certain subjects. There are certain people, places, or things that excite you as a photographer, and in this assignment you will share that passion with your peers! Narrow in on a Subject that is among your favorite interests in photography as the focus of this assignment, and write a sentence to guide your work before you begin photographing. As you'll see below, we use the example of a Subject we call, "the sweetness of life." This will help keep you focused on a distinct content approach that you have defined after considering things that make you the unique individual you are. It will also help your reviewers understand this particular context within which you enjoy creating pictures.

　　Plan ahead if necessary, and make any necessary arrangements you need in order to be able to complete your photography (for example arranging for models, gathering still life objects, planning for time to photograph at a worksite, etc.)

　　Review the principles for control of depth of field, and think about how you might use that knowledge BEFORE you set out to photograph. Thinking about how you will use those principles, and even pre-planning a picture or two, can help you get started and then branch off into more experimentation. Remind yourself of these effects: of focusing close or far; of large or small aperture size; and of long or short focal length lenses.

　　Please do not concentrate so much on DOF that you neglect proper exposure to create appropriate overall darkness, or lightness, or middle tonal values! Be sure that your photographs are properly exposed for the purposes you are trying to achieve in responding to your subject. There ARE times when it is important to have an overly dark or light scene, especially when you are trying to convey a mood rather than a more direct documentary content, but make the tones purposeful.

　　Make two photographs, not necessarily from the same vantage point or of the same scene. One photograph will show the effects characteristic of Shallow Depth of Field (a very narrow band of focus with other areas of the picture noticeably out of focus), and; one photograph will show the effects characteristic of Great Depth of Field (a large space from fore to background that is reasonably in focus). (JPEG FILE FORMAT ONLY, please no TIFF, PDF, or others!)

　　Frame a composition that you feel successfully arranges visual elements to give the viewer a sense of purposeful direction, that results in a well composed picture that an average viewer would feel is "balanced."

　　Write a brief Statement of 3-6 sentences: the first sentence should be the one you wrote before you began the project, that guided your approach to the Subject (for example, " My subject is a philosophy I call the 'sweetness of life,' as that approach is very important to me as a person living in somewhat difficult circumstances."); 1-3 sentences describing the photograph, and anything else you like in regard to the purpose for Shallow DOF in the first picture and what techniques you used to achieve it (for example, "I used a telephoto lens to create Shallow DOF to isolate the child from the crowd..."); 1-3 sentences describing the photograph, and anything else you like in regard to the purpose for Great DOF in the second picture and how you achieved it (for example, "to allow as many details in the field of flowers to be clear, I used f.22, a very small aperture...").

　　Upload both photographs and your statement to the Gallery, each as individual uploads. After uploading, it will be your turn to provide "Peer Review" feedback to your fellow Learners...and they will do the same for you!

　　PROMPT

　　Upload a Statement of 3-6 sentences: the first sentence should be the one you wrote before you began the project, that guided your approach to the Subject (for example, " My subject is a philosophy I call the 'sweetness of life,' as that approach is very important to me as a person living in somewhat difficult circumstances."); 1-3 sentences describing the photograph, and anything else you like in regard to the purpose for the Shallow DOF in one picture and what techniques you used to achieve it (for example, "I used a telephoto lens to create Shallow DOF to isolate the child from the crowd..."); 1-3 sentences describing the photograph, and anything else you like in regard to the purpose for Great DOF in the other picture and how you achieved it (for example, "to allow as many details in the field of flowers to be clear, I used f.22, a very small aperture...").

　　Picture 1 shows a Chayote that I grow in my living room for fun at the pandemic. I used Shallow DOF so as to show the exact details of every vine as well as small leaves, together with the shadows when the sun rising in the east and shed warm lights to the white wall against it.

　　Picture 2 shows the Lake Michigan that I observe from my apartment during the winter storm in Chicago. I used Great DOF to show the sunlight reflecting on the crystal blue lake and the awesome winter snow view.

　　Parameters: Shutter Speed 1/250s, aperture f/5.7, ISO 100.

　　PROMPT

　　Please upload the photograph here that you feel is most successful, in form and content, exhibiting Shallow Depth of Field. (JPEG FILE FORMAT ONLY, please no TIFF, PDF, or others!)

　　PROMPT

　　Please upload the photograph here that you feel is most successful, in form and content, exhibiting Great Depth of Field. (JPEG FILE FORMAT ONLY, please no TIFF, PDF, or others!)

　　What are the meaningful things in your world of reality, imagination, document, or expression? That alone is a powerful question! A related question forms the basis for this assignment: Whether your expressive purpose in this assignment is to create a photograph from a more documentary point of view, or to creatively express a content drawn from your imagination, how can you use the element of BLURRED-ACTION-TIME as a prominent aspect to convey that content? The answer to that question will be a key factor in both the technical and content aspects a viewer would evaluate in the one photograph you submit.

　　You will recognize already that this assignment is similar to the first Peer Review assignment in this Course. In that first assignment you were challenged to express elements relevant to your special world using techniques to create STOP-ACTION-Time photographs. In this assignment, you may choose a similar subject to that which you first addressed, or pick an entirely different aspect of your world to express. Whatever you settle on, you will share a single photograph that reveals a new content in your world that results from blurring a moment in time as evidenced by movement of things in front of the camera, or movement of the camera, or both!

　　Whether you are making an interpretive picture that is more "artistic," or one that is more practical, realistic, or documentary, be sure to make ISO setting and shutter speed and aperture choices that will result in a slow shutter speed to create blur AND a properly exposed picture holding tonal values of lightness and darkness that are appropriate for your approach.

　　As with any photograph, whether it is for artistic or more documentary purposes, frame your image so that there is what an average viewer would consider a successful composition, one that has an arrangement of visual elements that feels "balanced" to your eye. (JPEG FILE FORMAT ONLY, please no TIFF, PDF, or others!)

　　Write a brief Statement consisting of 3-4 sentences. In 2 or 3 sentences, describe the content that you hope a viewer perceives in your picture and why the blurred moment in time that you have recorded is a significant one as it relates to you and your world. In the final sentence please share the exposure combination (f. stop, shutter speed, and ISO) you used for the picture, and describe the lighting conditions (as an example, "it was 3am here in New Delhi, the room was quite dark, and this scene was lit by candle light"), so your fellow Learners can not only understand the context for your picture but also gain knowledge to use in their future efforts.

　　Upload the image file just as the camera records it, without any Photoshop or App manipulation.

　　PROMPT

　　Please upload the photograph here that you feel is your most successful for this assignment, characterized by motion-blur resulting from shutter speed control. (JPEG FILE FORMAT ONLY, please no TIFF, PDF, or others!)

　　PROMPT

　　Please upload a brief Statement consisting of 3-4 sentences. Two or three sentences should describe what content you hope a viewer might perceive in the picture and why the blurred moment in time is a significant one as it relates to the photographer and their world. Your final sentence should state the exposure combination (f. stop, shutter speed, and ISO) and describe the lighting conditions.

　　This photo is the icy flowers on my window during the snow storm in Chicago by the Lake Michigan.

　　I'd like to show the blur pattern of the window and a slightly focus on the Lake Michigan of the background.

　　Parameters: Shutter Speed 1/3s, apperture f/6.7, ISO 200 with minimal lighting condition.

　　PROMPT

　　The photograph should contain tonal values that are appropriate to the content as the photographer's Statement indicates they intended to convey. The following question addresses that aspect.

　　The light of the day was cloudy-dark as it was snowing outside. I used manual shooting mode with a little larger exposure but at the same time, maintain the myth of the blur of the icy pattern on window.

　　PROMPT

　　The photographer's Statement should convey goals describing what content a viewer might perceive in the picture, and why the blurred moment in time is a significant one as it relates to the photographer and their world.

　　The icy pattern was formed due to the winter snow storm was so huge outside my home, and the snow flakes attached on my window, however in my room the temperature was much higher than the outside, so they melt at my window but again frozen by the winter storm, this forms the icy pattern and I wanted to add to blur effect to display my melancholy mood in Chicago winter.#1 — #10已停更，后续见——Coursera同学互评2—优秀作业赏析 （#11—）