中国农业大学、中山大学和浙江大学《柳叶刀感染性疾病》发表细菌耐药最新研究成果
2017年1月28日,国际顶级期刊《柳叶刀感染性疾病》杂志(2015年影响因子21.372)在线发表了一篇由中国农业大学、中山大学和浙江大学等单位合作的关于多粘菌素耐药机制MCR-1分子流行病学、临床感染和定植风险因素评估的研究论文。该论文通讯作者中国农业大学沈建忠院士认为:该研究成果使人们对MCR-1在临床上的影响和危害有了新的认识,具有重要的临床指导意义。
多粘菌素是临床抗击细菌感染的“最后一线”药物。此前研究均表明多粘菌素耐药机制都是由染色体介导,而该合作团队于2016年初在《柳叶刀感染性疾病》上发表论文,发现并提出了多粘菌素耐药的新机制和新观点:质粒也可以介导多粘菌素耐药,并阐明是由质粒携带的MCR-1基因引起(Lancet Infectious Diseases.2016;16(2):161-8)。本文是该合作团队继发现MCR-1后,在细菌耐药领域的又一重要研究成果。
该论文首先对采集自广东和浙江临床病人和健康人21621份样本做了回顾性研究,阐明了MCR-1的耐药流行现状和趋势。研究结果表明,MCR-1阳性率逐年显著升高,临床病人甚至健康人都检出MCR-1,而且MCR-1阳性菌株更容易形成多重耐药或泛耐药菌株。同时,运用全基因组测序技术分析了MCR-1质粒和菌株类型。研究结果显示,不仅携带mcr-1基因的耐药质粒类型具有丰富多样性(如IncX4、IncI2等),而且携带MCR-1的菌株类型也相当丰富(如ST10, ST156, ST131等),表明MCR-1同时存在水平传播和垂直传播的巨大风险,预示未来可能会出现更广泛的传播和流行,需引起全球持续广泛的重视。
Figure: Minimum spanning tree of mcr-1-positive E coli by MLST type and gene allele from colonized patients from hospitals and colonised health volunteers
在此基础上,该论文分别从临床感染病例和定植病例两方面,研究影响MCR-1临床感染、传播和预后的关键风险因素。研究结果表明,对MCR-1感染病人而言,是否使用过免疫抑制剂以及住院前抗生素使用史是影响MCR-1感染的关键风险因素,而MCR-1定植病人住院前抗生素使用史以及居住周边是否存在畜禽养殖场是影响MCR-1定植的关键风险因素。研究成果为临床MCR-1携带菌感染的预防和控制提供了重要指导。
原文摘要:
Prevalence, risk factors, outcomes, and molecular epidemiology of mcr-1-positive Enterobacteriaceae in patients and healthy adults from China: an epidemiological and clinical study
Background
The mcr-1 gene confers transferable colistin resistance. mcr-1-positive Enterobacteriaceae (MCRPE) have attracted substantial medical, media, and political attention; however, so far studies have not addressed their clinical impact. Herein, we report the prevalence of MCRPE in human infections and carriage, clinical associations of mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli (MCRPEC) infection, and risk factors for MCRPEC carriage.
Methods
We undertook this study at two hospitals in Zhejiang and Guangdong, China. We did a retrospective cross-sectional assessment of prevalence of MCRPE infection from isolates of Gram-negative bacteria collected at the hospitals from 2007 to 2015 (prevalence study). We did a retrospective case-control study of risk factors for infection and mortality after infection, using all MCRPEC from infection isolates and a random sample of mcr-1-negative E coli infections from the retrospective collection between 2012 and 2015 (infection study). We also did a prospective case-control study to assess risk factors for carriage of MCRPEC in rectal swabs from inpatients with MCRPEC and mcr-1 negative at the hospitals and collected between May and December, 2015, compared with mcr-1-negative isolates from rectal swabs of inpatients (colonisation study). Strains were analysed for antibiotic resistance, plasmid typing, and transfer analysis, and strain relatedness.
Findings
We identified 21?621 non-duplicate isolates of Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter spp, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from 18?698 inpatients and 2923 healthy volunteers. Of 17?498 isolates associated with infection, mcr-1 was detected in 76 (1%) of 5332 E coli isolates, 13 (<1%) of 348 Klebsiella pneumoniae, one (<1%) of 890 Enterobacter cloacae, and one (1%) of 162 Enterobacter aerogenes. For the infection study, we included 76 mcr-1-positive clinical E coli isolates and 508 mcr-1-negative isolates. Overall, MCRPEC infection was associated with male sex (209 [41%] vs 47 [63%], adjusted p=0·011), immunosuppression (30 [6%] vs 11 [15%], adjusted p=0·011), and antibiotic use, particularly carbapenems (45 [9%] vs 18 [24%], adjusted p=0·002) and fluoroquinolones (95 [19%] vs 23 [30%], adjusted p=0·017), before hospital admission. For the colonisation study, we screened 2923 rectal swabs from healthy volunteers, of which 19 were MCRPEC, and 1200 rectal swabs from patients, of which 35 were MCRPEC. Antibiotic use before hospital admission (p<0·0001) was associated with MCRPEC carriage in 35 patients compared with 378 patients with mcr-1-negative E coli colonisation, whereas living next to a farm was associated with mcr-1-negative E coli colonisation (p=0·03, univariate test). mcr-1 could be transferred between bacteria at high frequencies (10?1 to 10?3), and plasmid types and MCRPEC multi-locus sequence types (MLSTs) were more variable in Guangdong than in Zhejiang and included the human pathogen ST131. MCRPEC also included 17 unreported ST clades.
Interpretation
In 2017, colistin will be formally banned from animal feeds in China and switched to human therapy. Infection with MRCPEC is associated with sex, immunosuppression, and previous antibiotic exposure, while colonisation is also associated with antibiotic exposure. MLST and plasmid analysis shows that MCRPEC are diversely spread throughout China and pervasive in Chinese communities.
Funding
National Key Basic Research Program of China, National Natural Science Foundation of China/Zhejiang, National Key Research and Development Program, and MRC, UK.
通讯作者介绍:
沈建忠院士
沈建忠,男,1963年3月出生,浙江桐乡人,中国工程院院士,教育部长江学者特聘教授,博士生导师,国家杰出青年科学基金获得者,国务院特殊津贴获得者,入选新世纪百千万人才工程国家级人选,国家973项目首席科学家,教育部长江学者和技术创新团队发展计划“食品安全检测技术”首席科学家。现为中国农业大学动物医学院院长,国家兽药安全评价中心主任和国家兽药残留基准实验室主任。主要从事基础兽医学领域中动物源性食品安全和兽医公共卫生的基础理论与技术研究。获国家科技进步二等奖和国家技术发明二等奖各1项,省部级科技一等奖3项,以第一作者或通讯作者发表SCI收录论文192篇,以第一发明人获国家发明专利49项,主持制定兽药残留检测方法国家和行业标准45项(已发布),培养硕士、博士研究生108人。
第一作者介绍:
汪洋
汪洋,博士,中国农业大学教授,国家自然科学基金优秀青年基金获得者。现就职于中国农业大学动物医学院,食品营养与人类健康高精尖创新中心暨食品质量与安全北京实验室。2006年以来一直从事细菌耐药性的产生、传播和控制方面的研究工作。主持国家自然科学基金项目2项、国家科技部“973”项目子课题1项;参加国家自然科学基金国际合作交流中英项目和中瑞项目各1项。在国外学术刊物发表SCI收录论文80余篇,其中第一作者和通讯作者SCI论文30篇;参加编写英文专著2部;获得国家专利3项。2013年获得“大北农青年学者奖”。
田国宝
田国宝,博士,博士生导师,中山大学中山医学院教授。一直致力于细菌耐药分子机制研究,研究方向主要围绕临床“最后一线”药物多粘菌素耐药机制和β-内酰胺类药物耐药机制,取得了一系列原创性研究成果,揭示和发现了一批新耐药机制和新耐药基因。研究成果为临床耐药菌的防控奠定了理论基础,为减少和消除耐药菌临床危害提供重要科学依据。主持国家自然科学基金项目2项、国家重大传染病专项子课题1项、省部级基金4项;参与国家重点研发计划1项、省部级重大基金1项。在Lancet Infectious Diseases, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy等细菌耐药领域国际主流期刊发表论文30余篇,其中第一或通讯作者18篇。申请国家发明专利6项。
张嵘
张嵘,博士,硕士生导师,浙江大学医学院附属第二医院临床检验中心主任技师。中华医学会浙江检验分会青年副主委、临床微生物学组成员,浙江省预防医学会医院感染控制专业委员会委员,浙江省医学会微生态专业委员会委员,中华微免临床微生物学组委员,中华医学会中西医分会感染学组委员。研究方向:微生物快速检测、环境微生物和临床分离细菌耐药基因的研究。主持国家自然科学基金海外合作中英项目子课题1项、浙江省自然科学基金项目1项,浙江省科技厅项目2项,省卫生厅项目3项,省中医药管理局项目1项,2012年获浙江省医药卫生科技创新奖三等奖“肠杆菌科细菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药机制研究”。共发表SCI论文30余篇,其中以第一或通信作者20篇。
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